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The Natural History of Pliny, Volume 4 (of 6)

by the Elder Pliny

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The Natural History of Pliny, Volume 4, compiles a wide array of knowledge on natural phenomena and human pursuits from the Roman Empire period. It includes detailed accounts of astronomical phenomena, descriptions of geographic regions, and classifications of plants and minerals. The volume also encompasses discussions of art and craftsmanship, along with reports of exotic animals and peoples encountered during Rome’s expansion. As a primary source, it reflects the Roman worldview and their understanding of the natural world as a divine, utilitarian force.

First published in AD 77, this work demonstrates Pliny’s reliance on earlier authorities and firsthand observations to compile an encyclopedic account. It serves as an important document of ancient scientific, geographical, and cultural knowledge, offering insights into the Roman approach to categorising and interpreting the natural environment. The volume forms part of a larger series that collectively represents one of the most extensive compilations of knowledge from antiquity.

From the opening pages

How often and on what occasions corn has sold at a remarkably low price 7 5. Illustrious men who have written upon agriculture 9 6. Points to be observed in buying land 11 7. The proper arrangements for a farm-house 13 8. Maxims of the ancients on agriculture 16 9. The different kinds of grain 19 10. The history of the various kinds of grain ib. 11. Spelt 24 12. Wheat 25 13. Barley: rice 27 14. Polenta 28 15. Ptisan 29 16. Tragum ib. 17. Amylum ib. 18. The nature of barley 30 19. Arinca, and other kinds of grain that are grown in the East 31 20. Winter wheat. Similago, or fine flour 32 21. The fruitfulness of Africa in wheat 35 22. Sesame. Erysimum or irio. Horminum 36 23. The mode of grinding corn ib. 24. Millet 38 25. Panic ib. 26. The various kinds of leaven ib. 27. The method of making bread: origin of the art 39 28. When bakers were first introduced at Rome 40 29. Alica 41 30. The leguminous plants: the bean 43 31. Lentils. Pease 46 32. The several kinds of chick-pease ib. 33. The kidney-bean 47 34. The rape ib. 35. The turnip 48 36. The lupine 49 37. The vetch 51 38. The fitch ib. 39. Silicia ib. 40. Secale or asia 52 41. Farrago: the cracca ib. 42. Ocinum: ervilia ib. 43. Lucerne 53 44. The diseases of grain: the oat 54 45. The best remedies for the diseases of grain 57 46. The crops that should be sown in the different soils 59 47. The different systems of cultivation employed by various nations 60 48. The various kinds of ploughs 62 49. The mode of ploughing ib. 50. The methods of harrowing, stubbing, and hoeing, employed for each description of grain. The use of the harrow 66 51. Extreme fertility of soil 67 52. The method of sowing more than once in the year 68 53. The manuring of land ib. 54. How to ascertain the quality of seed 69 55. What quantity of each kind of grain is requisite for sowing a jugerum 71 56. The proper times for sowing 72 57. Arrangement of the stars according to the terrestrial days and nights 74 58. The rising and setting of the stars 77 59. The epochs of the seasons 78 60. The proper time for winter…

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